Evaluation and Study of Individual Differences in Banking Sector - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1646 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Individual differences is a cornerstone subject area in modern psychology.   In many ways, it is the classic psychology that the general public refers to it refers the psychology of the person the psychological differences between people and their similarities. Plato  stated more than 2000 years ago: No two persons are born exactly alike; but each differs from the other in natural endowments, one being suited for one occupation and the other for another. Individual difference psychology examines how people are similar and how they differ in their thinking, feeling and behaviour.   No two people are alike, yet no two people are unlike.   So, in the study of individual differences we strive to understand ways in which people are psychologically similar and particularly what psychological characteristics vary between people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evaluation and Study of Individual Differences in Banking Sector" essay for you Create order In the Western psychology approach to individual differences, it is generally assumed  that: People vary on a range of psychological attributes It is possible to measure and study these individual differences individual differences are useful for explaining and predicting behaviour and performance We can classify people psychologically, according to their intelligence and personality characteristics, for example, with moderate success, however people are complex and much is still left unexplained.   There are multiple and often conflicting theories and evidence about individual difference psychology. Human beings have been aware of individual differences throughout history, e.g. Gender differences -hunters=men, gatherers=women Intelligence differences caste, class, education, etc. Personality differences job specialisations Early study of individual differences We have come a long way since Franz Gall invented  phrenology  in the early 1800s. Phrenology is the study of an individuals bumps on the skull, which supposedly reveal character traits and mental abilities. Phrenology had such vogue that by 1832 there were 29 phrenological societies in Britain and many journals in both the UK and US devoted to the study of phrenology. It was seriously proposed to select Members of Parliament from their bumps. Some phrenologists even moulded childrens heads to accentuate good qualities and minimise bad ones! Despite the theory being incorrect one of its assumptions holds true: the idea that various brain regions have particular functions. Darwin  suggested that nature selects successful traits through the survival of the fittest. His cousin,  Sir Francis Galton(1822-1911) concluded that he could apply the principle scientifically. Why not measure human traits and then selectively breed superior people? He assume d human traits, everything from height and beauty to intelligence and ability, to personality traits such as even-temperedness, were inherited. Modern psychology has formalised the study of individual differences over the last 100 years.   Individual differences psychology is still a young science and a relatively recent development in modern psychology.   There are still many debates and issues. Current knowledge will change and evolve.   So, have an open-minded, but critical perspective as we go along! Since there are multiple and controversial viewpoints, it is necessary to move beyond reliance on personally preferred viewpoints to also embrace alternative perspectives, particularly those which are utilized in psychological practice and which have solid research support. Abstract: Banks in India have succeeded in promoting new services to its customers. The likelihood of current customers is tempted to do business online. Based on extant literature on bank marketing, a questionnaire was designed. Then, in a large-scale survey by means of personal and telephone interviews, data was obtained from bank customers. This paper focuses on the adoption of internet banking by existing banks customers through an investigation of the factors that influence customers acceptance of internet banking service. The questionnaire was designed from the literature review. It included 29 variables which will help in enhancing the satisfaction of the customer with usage of internet banking in India. Six Indian banks were chosen where the questionnaire was randomly administered to 210 respondents who were also customers of the bank. Out of 210 questionnaires, 196 were completed questionnaires. The banks chosen for the purpose of the study were the ones who have strong retail prese nce and offer comprehensive range of information to the customer. An exploratory study of the Indian customers in six banks is conducted to identify the factors which lead to adoption of internet banking services with the help of data reduction technique called factor analysis. Decision Style Measures Measures of decision style  assess the ways in which individuals approach decision making, or thinking more generally (e.g., whether individuals adopt a rigorous analytic style or a gut-based experiential style). Within decision style, we include: Measures of decision style, which were specifically designed to assess individuals approaches to decision making. Measures of cognitive style, which were designed to assess individuals approaches to thinking more generally, but have been successfully applied to decision making. Measures of epistemic motivation, which were designed to assess motivated cognition, but have been successfully applied to decision making. Closely related are measures of  ambiguity (in)tolerance. IMPACT OF MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCES. Impact of motivation on employees performances: A case study of banking sector  Background and Literature There argues that current knowledge of motivation and performance has been inadequate as there identifies set of variables that may influence bank employees motivation and performance. The model incorporate constructs and research findings from disciplines, the research primary purpose is to provide model or research framework and several hypotheses to help guide empirical research in motivation keeping at Nigeria banking sector.  Motivation serves as essential paradigm in determining professional growth, in attaining performance development among Nigerias banking employees. There will be theoretical posits verifying motivation approaches applied in Nigerian banks such as bank managers in general. Motivation at work is in popular area of research influenced by modern research stature (  and , 2004)  and provided sense of understanding of work motivation,   and  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (1975) asserted, the more effort expected by the employees on their jobs, the more motivated they are to become, creating perpetuating cycle of performances due to motivation. The research provides ideal interest to the researcher because in every work setting motivation comes in the picture as it can be recognized and unrecognized in certain ways.  In addition, agreeing that motivation incurs strong basis for value integrity as there can be options adhering to real specifications of humanistic attitude that can be seen into self response within the grounds of the work environment that in a way support satisfaction that leads to the fulfillment of basic needs and goals. Ideally, there can be involvement on individual differences as viewed well by means of study investigation that does relate to work motivation and its underlying performance. Methodology Work motivation and performance will be analysed from the perspective of motivation theory as central for the analysis is the relation of banking sector employees with the motivation to exert effort on behalf of performance recognition. There will be presence of theoretical analysis as well as empirical review of several studies of known effects and relationship linking to motivation and performance as it maybe positively related to impacts of motivation on employee performance, effective performance is perceived to be Nigerias banking sector plan and interest. The methodology  seeks to generate empirical data to inspire measures for motivation survey research. The study will adopt qualitative approach, using focus group of a total of 15 participants as to be selected in the HR area of specific banking sector located in Nigeria. Several procedures are applied to carry out rigorous research analysis in forms of survey questionnaire upon presenting research evidences and fi ndings. Alternative methodology can be possible in such case study approach. There is integration of focus group in the study, first group will detect what motivate bank employees, second group will find out how Nigerias banking sector in HR area are doing with regards to motivation and performance. Reliability and Validity of research evidence to construct desirable evidence has to be in a conformed process wherein research biases and lapses if any will not hamper research goals and objectives. Thus, the integration of literature should look further on certain measures to critically evaluate theories in framework and adhere to several concepts of research that is causal to the core function of the overall study development and its process. The imposing of relevant research studies will then incur and play a crucial role to achieve research spontaneity and vigor for assessment of research standards linking towards the completion of the dissertation plan. The literature study serves as major factor from data analysis is found within effective facets of research and right amount of knowledge. Individual differences in decision making: Drive and reward responsiveness affect strategic bargaining in economic games Background In the growing body of literature on economic decision making, the main focus has typically been on explaining aggregate behavior, with little interest in individual differences despite considerable between-subject variability in decision responses. In this study, we were interested in asking to what degree individual differences in fundamental psychological processes can mediate economic decision-making behavior. Methods Specifically, we studied a personality dimension that may influence economic decision-making, the Behavioral Activation System, (BAS) which is composed of three components: Reward Responsiveness, Drive, and Fun Seeking. In order to assess economic decision making, we utilized two commonly-used tasks, the Ultimatum Game and Dictator Game. Individual differences in BAS were measured by completion of the BIS/BAS Scales, and correlations between the BAS scales and monetary offers made in the two tasks were computed. Results We found that higher scores on BAS Drive and on BAS Reward Responsiveness were associated with a pattern of higher offers on the Ultimatum Game, lower offers on the Dictator Game, and a correspondingly larger discrepancy between Ultimatum Game and Dictator Game offers. Conclusion These findings are consistent with an interpretation that high scores on Drive and Reward Responsiveness are associated with a strategy that first seeks to maximize the  likelihood  of reward, and then to maximize the  amount  of reward. More generally, these results suggest that there are additional factors other than empathy, fairness and selfishness that contribute to strategic decision-making.

Similarities in I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love...

The poem â€Å"I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You† by Pablo Neruda uses many literary techniques to get its point across, and inadvertently relates to Shakespeare’s famous comedy â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing.† Neruda’s poem is filled with literary techniques that help the reader understand it’s meaning. First, this poem combines two general poetry types: it is a narrative poem because it tells a story and it is a lyric poem because it includes the writer’s feelings and passion. Also, Neruda includes a set time frame, â€Å"Maybe the January light will consume my heart†. In addition, the author uses many descriptive elements to describe his love, â€Å"I will die of love because I love you†. He uses powerful words and deep statements that help the reader understand how to feel or perceive love. Pablo Neruda’s poem also connects to both sets of couples in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing.† It is obvious that lines from this piece can relate to Beatrice and Benedick. â€Å"I hate you deeply, and hating you/Bend to you, and the measure of my changing love for you† this line connects to the indecisive couple because throughout the play, they constantly bicker. In the end, however, they admit their love for one another. In addition, lines from Neruda’s poem also connect to Claudio and Hero. â€Å"I go from loving to not loving you† this quote could connect to the second couple, since Claudio believes Hero cheats on him, he quickly changes his mind and ‘stops’ loving her. Tatiana

E-Business Applications Of IGA Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the E-Business Applications Of IGA. Answer: Introduction Retail Business is in its big transformation phase. From offline to online, the business model is now more concerned about customer engagement and impacted by the huge data generated by customer during the purchase process (So et al., 2016). In this context, IGA (Independent Grocers Alliance) is an important example as it has adopted offline and online channel and redefining the high tech mix of Omni-channel retail. About IGA (supermarkets) IGA is an USA supermarket brand established in 1926 and operating in more than 30 countries. It works on franchise model. In Canada, it is supplied by Sobeys and in Australia it is owned by Metcash. The alliance includes about 5000 supermarkets all over the world. IGA, after a long journey from 1926 to 2010; it went digital in 2011. IGA stores got personalised website and mobile application with in built feature of progressive shopper marketing tool. IGA banner includes different other brands like IGA-extra, IGA-express and IGA-mini. After introduction of online grocery shopping, the revenue of IGA has increased by 15%. In 2015, IGA launched a brand new version of online grocery (IGA, 2017). IGA Online Experience The online grocery journey of IGA had started long back in 1996 in Canada, in Quebec. Then at first go, 50 stores participated in that project and within first week 50 orders were filled online. Now, in Canada, over one million orders are filled every year. There is a dedicated team working for ensuring the better experience of online grocery at IGA. They focus on the better delivery of grocery items at customers doorstep. IGA, through their online mode always showcase local producers and made shopping experience more personalised and convenient. In an era where being digital was considered be to out of consideration zone, IGA has introduced it to retail business and got the first mover advantage in Canada. Consumers got first experience of online purchase of their daily grocery and experienced the exciting convenience of online shopping (IGA, 2016). To provide better online experience, IGA has strategically adopted its online grocery in different platforms namely online grocery, online buffet, specific mobile app and tablet app. IGA mobile app provides access to all products which are in stores and consumers can place their orders and make a smart list with all information security. The smart lists enable different shopping list, enabled modification of previous list, sharing of the list and then secure payment option; altogether it redefines the online grocery purchase experience from the aspect of planning and reality. IGA provides consultation option with option of weekly recipes from their empaneled chiefs. To reward loyal customers, IGA recently launched IGA Stamps and offers customer to redeem their collected IGA stamps in exchange with selected items. IGA online shopping provides consumers a better experience in terms of providing scan functionality, product recommendations, store locators and personalised flyer (Cardwell , 2015). With this improved approach of serving customers in this data friendly and digital world, IGA opens up huge opportunities in the context of understanding better consumer insights and behaviours from their online purchasing behaviour. The online channel adoption enabled IGA to provide better personal buying experience, interaction with providers, proper feedback mechanism and a simplified purchasing experience (IGA, 2017). With this Omni-channel approach IGA provides a broader scope of selection to their customers, better reachability aspect and providing customers more personalised and suggestive purchasing experience. Experts from IGA always regarded this investment in online IGA project as creating lifetime customers for IGA. Recently launched IGA Go by IGA is designed to meet shoppers need for an easy, simple and convenient online ordering platform (IGA, 2017). This online approach of consumer serving has provided a scope of learning about consumer through using data analytics. IGA has widely adopted the use of data analytics tool to know about the consumers choice, expectations, behaviour during online purchase and many more complex aspects. All these amplified the opportunity of IGA to understand their potential customer and prospects in better manner with regard to product offering and better customer experience (Cardwell, 2015). IGA has redefined the in-store and online grocery purchasing experience through adopting technology and implementing at every-level. It has provided them a position of competitive advantage. In retail context, while other competitors were trying to improve in-store experience, IGA have thought about adopting online grocery and provided customer a wider variety of choice, easy, simple and enjoyable grocery purchasing experience (Melis et al., 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that adopting digital channel where the business model is excessively dependent on physical channel, IGA had taken and successfully implemented the digital channel. It has given IGA a better revenue generation opportunity, happy customer base and unique brand image in the industry (Caprice Rey, 2015). References So, K. K. F., King, C., Sparks, B. A., Wang, Y. (2016). Enhancing customer relationships with retail service brands: The role of customer engagement.Journal of Service Management,27(2), 170-193. IGA (2017). About IGA. Retrieved 25 September 2017, from https://www.iga.com/about.aspx Caprice, S., Rey, P. (2015). Buyer power from joint listing decision.The Economic Journal,125(589), 1677-1704. IGA (2016). IGA Launches New Program for Groceries Online. Retrieved 25 September 2017, from https://www.iga.com/Corporate/Corporate_News/Press_Room/20160922_-_IGA_Launches_New_Program_for_Groceries_Online.aspx Cardwell, M. (2015). IGA improves online shopping experience. Retrieved 17 September 2017, from https://www.canadiangrocer.com/top-stories/iga-improves-online-ordering-51853 Melis, K., Campo, K., Breugelmans, E., Lamey, L. (2015). The impact of the multi-channel retail mix on online store choice: Does online experience matter?.Journal of Retailing,91(2), 272-288.

Mayan Art Essays - Maya Classic Period, National Monuments Of Mexico

Mayan Art Deep within the jungle of Mexico and extending into the limestone shelf of the Yucatan peninsula lie the mysterious temple and pyramids of the Maya. While Europe was still in the midst of the dark ages, these amazing people had mapped the heavens, evolved the only true writing system native to the Americas and were masters of mathematics. They invented the calendars we use today. Across a huge jungle landscape with an amazing degree of architectural perfection and variety. Their legacy in stone, which has survived in a spectacular fashion at places such as Palenque, Tikal, Tulum, Chichen Itza, Copan and Uxmal, lives on as do the seven million descendants of classic Maya civilization. Chichen Itza is one of the greatest ruins of the Maya . I have been to Chichen Itza last year ad I have seen so much great things over there. At the hub of Toltac, Chichen stands it's most important structure. The massive Kukulch pyramid called "El Castillo" (the castle) is roughly at the center of the site. Climbing it is quite a challenge and those who make it are rewarded. Whit a spectacular view of the city and surrounding country side A trip inside the pyramid is quite the opposite. The dark, unbearably humid corridors and chambers are too much for some people. Chichen Itza is a magical place. I had the opportunity wander around the site for two hours. Watching the massive pyramid take shape through the lifting fog is an experience I will not soon forget. Every year over 40,000 people make the trek to the great pyramid to watch in awe as the snake diamond backed body slowly appears. Great for -side temple- pyramid which was dedicated to the cult of Kukulcan. Inside the Castillo has been discovered on earlier Toltec-Maya pyramids, with beautifully preserved details. Also if you stand facing the foot of the temple and shout the echo comes back as a piercing shriek. And a person standing on the top step can speak in a normal voice and be heard by those at the ground level for some distance. This quality is also shared by another Mayan pyramid at Tika. View from the top of the Castillo, looking towards the temple of the Worriers. The temple of the Worriers and it's adjacent Temple of the Jaguar are the most awe inspiring ruins on the complex. A massive temple structure , surrounded by hundreds of columns is carved with relief. A splendid building resting upon a stepped platform surrounded by colonnaded halls. It is a good example of Maya architectects and craftsmen. The building is approached on the northwest through impressive file of square columns, which are decorated on all four with relief. The columns continue on into the jungle, that part of the jungle, that part of the temple still has not been restored. It's an unsetting sight to see how easily the forest has reclaimed the area. Next, the strangest site of all, east of the major Chichen Itza ruins is a dark underground world the Mayans called Cenote. They are deep water filled sinkholes formed by water percolating through the soft limestone above. Since the porous soil held little water, these underground bodies were extremely important to the city. Entry is through a vertical hole with narrow stairs steps carved by The Mayan's themselves. The air is thick and musty. One misstep on the slimy ledges theatens to send you failing over 20 feet. Stalagtites of blood red limestone seem to ooze from the dripping walls. Ahead is a strange green pool of glowing water. As you approach the pool roots of trees hanging before you. In their search for water they have penetrated the ceiling, dropping 50 feet to the pool below. It's like an eerie underground forest. After crawled under some especially low hanging stalactites a beautiful blue green pool of unknown depth stretches out before you. A massive stalagmite hangs down, just inches from touching the surface, and above a piercing beam of light streams in from the ceiling, illuminating the pool and entire chamber. Once a year, in April, the beam of light touches the tip of the stalagmite. There are many instances of ancient people building moment to take advantage of events like these but this is something that is totally natural and unplanned. There is a darker side to this and other Cenote, however. In the wells around Chichen Itza have been found scores of skeletons. Mayan petroglyphs depict human sacrifices at these sites. What lies under this

Free Essays on Indians

Destruction Indian rights have been violated by whites through the Indians’ struggle for economic stability, religious freedom, and their basic human rights as set forth by the Declaration of Independence. The white man invaded the Native American culture when they â€Å"discovered† America and called it their own. Though Indians did not believe in owning land, the whites began buying, selling, and trading the land. After crushing the values and traditions of Indians, the white man felt they were superior. It is revealed in Leslie Marmon Silko’s novel Ceremony that Native American culture suffered greatly during and after WWII, and continually suffers with the destruction of reservations. â€Å"If you multiply every social problem in America by 10high school dropouts, suicide among teenagers, alcohol and drug abuse, death by violence, and diseaseyou have what Indians go through,† said Rep. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, who was the only member of congress in 1992 who identified himself as an Indian (www.2nativeamericans.com). Being stripped of its values and traditions, the Indian culture is slowly disintegrating. Indians strived for economic stability after their land was intruded on and basically taken away from them. Indians make up a tiny minority of the United States population and live mostly in poverty and isolation. For this reason, many Indians moved away from their tribes to get away from poverty. The initial purpose of the reservation system was to set Indians apart from whites; however, reservations soon became encircled by whites during the westward expansion. In addition, with laws such as the Indian Removal Act, Indians were forced off land where they had always lived and forced onto land that did not fit their needs. â€Å"Their land-once fertile and clean-is now defaced by circles of charcoal, tire tracks and, since the men had come back from the war, broken bottle glass all over the reservation.† (Jeffe... Free Essays on Indians Free Essays on Indians In â€Å"Indians† by Jane Tompkins, she discusses the problems that follow the history of the real Indians that once inhabited this land before being ousted by the Europeans. She investigates how other famous authors perceived the life of the Indians and their problems with the Europeans. Her main issue is how the facts, which we think, are â€Å"true† facts should not be considered concrete. History has a way of changing information over time and different people have different perceptions on Indians. Interesting enough, the author uses quotation marks around the word Indians. This is done because we really do not know the truth about these so-called â€Å"Indians†. We attached a history and amore importantly a reputation to these groups of people just because we accept anybody’s facts. Based on what she wrote, she concludes that she cannot accept other people’s facts as her own. She feels that she needs to piece together the life of the European-Indian relationship. She feels someone elses facts is the product of their own perspective and therefore piecing together the facts and seeing if everything goes hand and hand. She supports this by quoting over five different authors who wrote about the European-Indian relationship. Each author has a different version of the relationship between these two groups of people. One author goes on to say that America was uninhabited when the Europeans came over. That statement alone begins to question the integrity of the author’s words and what to really get out it. Reading that statement makes you question what is being said about the Indians and of its true or not. Based on the author’s conclusion, I feel that she is right. I agree with the idea that we need to discover things for ourselves and make ourselves believe based on our own perspective. Interpretation, language and common sense are tools that we would need to create our own thoughts as to what really went on between ... Free Essays on Indians All of the west coast tribes were considered rich by the other Indian nations. Of all the coastal Indians, the Tulalip, Swinomish, Lummi and Skagit tribes were considered the wealthy. These were the Indian tribes who lived in the Puget Sound area of Washington State. There wealth came from the abundance food. There were all kinds of fish and seafood. The woods were full of elk and deer and other animals. There were blackberries and raspberries and salmonberries and nuts. Cedar trees were everywhere. The Indians used cedar to build their homes and to carve everything from canoes to eating utensils. Softened cedar bark was used to make shoes, clothing, blankets, toweling. They created a way to dry food so that it could be stored safely. Once they could store food, they could relax a bit during the winter months. That gave them time to develop a gracious lifestyle. Each morning, started with a bath in the river. After their morning bath, they went to work. Their first meal would not be until several hours later. The women did chores on land, near the longhouse. They wove blankets and baskets and mats. They dug for clams. They collected berries. They pounded cedar bark, to soften it, and to ready it to make clothing. They cleaned the family's quarters in the longhouse. They scrubbed what they could and replaced anything soiled that could not be scrubbed. They put the morning meal on to cook and started to prepare food for the evening meal. The men went fishing and hunting. They used traps and clubs and arrows to catch game and setout baskets to catch crabs and fish. The coastal Indians did not live in tepees, as did the Yakima Indians of Eastern Washington. Instead, they lived in longhouses built of thick cedar planks. These early people chopped down and split massive cedar trees using beaver teeth and stone axes. The longhouses were huge. Some were about 100 feet long and 25 feet wide, with low roofs for easy heating. The only op... Free Essays on Indians Destruction Indian rights have been violated by whites through the Indians’ struggle for economic stability, religious freedom, and their basic human rights as set forth by the Declaration of Independence. The white man invaded the Native American culture when they â€Å"discovered† America and called it their own. Though Indians did not believe in owning land, the whites began buying, selling, and trading the land. After crushing the values and traditions of Indians, the white man felt they were superior. It is revealed in Leslie Marmon Silko’s novel Ceremony that Native American culture suffered greatly during and after WWII, and continually suffers with the destruction of reservations. â€Å"If you multiply every social problem in America by 10high school dropouts, suicide among teenagers, alcohol and drug abuse, death by violence, and diseaseyou have what Indians go through,† said Rep. Ben Nighthorse Campbell, who was the only member of congress in 1992 who identified himself as an Indian (www.2nativeamericans.com). Being stripped of its values and traditions, the Indian culture is slowly disintegrating. Indians strived for economic stability after their land was intruded on and basically taken away from them. Indians make up a tiny minority of the United States population and live mostly in poverty and isolation. For this reason, many Indians moved away from their tribes to get away from poverty. The initial purpose of the reservation system was to set Indians apart from whites; however, reservations soon became encircled by whites during the westward expansion. In addition, with laws such as the Indian Removal Act, Indians were forced off land where they had always lived and forced onto land that did not fit their needs. â€Å"Their land-once fertile and clean-is now defaced by circles of charcoal, tire tracks and, since the men had come back from the war, broken bottle glass all over the reservation.† (Jeffe...

Analyzing Guy de Maupassants The Necklace

Analyzing Guy de Maupassant's 'The Necklace' The Necklace is a short story by  19th-century French author Guy de Maupassant, who is regarded as one of the early masters of the short story. Its often studied in English and world literature classes. Maupassant is known for writing about the travails of average people in French society and their efforts to get ahead, often with unhappy results. Read on for a summary and analysis of The Necklace. Characters The story centers on three characters: Mathilde Loisel, Monsieur  Loisel,  and Madame Forestier. Mathilde, the main character, is beautiful and social, and she wants expensive items to match her  sophisticated taste. But she was born into a clerks family and ends up marrying another clerk, so she cant afford the clothing, accessories, and household items that she wants, which makes her unhappy. Monsieur Loisel, Mathildes husband, is a man of simple pleasures who is happy with his life. He loves Mathilde and tries to mitigate her unhappiness by getting her an invitation to a fancy party. Madame Forestier is Mathildes friend. She is wealthy, which makes Mathilde very jealous. Summary Monsieur Loisel presents Mathilde with an invitation to the Ministry of Educations formal party, which he expects will make Mathilde happy because she will be able to mingle with high society. Mathilde is immediately upset, however, because she doesnt have a gown that she believes is nice enough to wear to the event.   Mathildes tears sway Monsieur  Loisel into offering to pay for a new dress despite their money being tight. Mathilde asks for 400 francs. Monsieur Loisel had planned to use the money he had saved on a gun for hunting but agrees to give the money to his wife. Near the date of the party, Mathilde decides to borrow jewelry from Madame Forestier. She picks a diamond necklace from her friends jewelry box.   Mathilde is the belle of the ball. When the night ends and the couple returns home, Mathilde is saddened by the humble state of her life compared with the fairy-tale party. This emotion quickly turns into panic as she realizes she has lost the necklace Madame Forestier lent her. The Loisels search unsuccessfully for the necklace and ultimately decide to replace it without telling Madame Forestier that Mathilde lost the original. They find a similar necklace, but to afford it they go deeply into debt. For the next 10 years, the Loisels live in poverty. Monsieur  Loisel works three jobs and Mathilde does heavy housework until their debts are repaid. But Mathildes beauty has faded from a decade of hardship. One day, Mathilde and Madame Forestier meet on the street. At first, Madame Forestier doesnt recognize Mathilde and is shocked when she realizes it is her. Mathilde explains to Madame Forestier that she lost the necklace, replaced it, and worked for 10 years to pay for the substitute. The story ends with Madame Forestier sadly telling Mathilde that the necklace she had lent her was fake and worth almost nothing. Symbols Given its central role in the short story, the necklace is an important symbol of deception. Mathilde had dressed for the party in expensive clothes and a sparkling but borrowed accessory to briefly escape her humble life by pretending to a station she did not hold. Similarly, the jewelry represents the illusion of wealth in which Madame Forestier and the aristocratic class indulge. While Madame Forestier knew the jewels were fake, she did not tell Mathilde because she enjoyed the illusion of appearing wealthy and generous in lending a seemingly expensive item. People often admire the wealthy, aristocratic class, but sometimes their wealth is an illusion. Theme The short storys theme involves the pitfalls of pride. Mathildes pride in her beauty prompts her to buy an expensive dress and borrow seemingly expensive jewelry, which triggers her downfall. She fed her pride for one night but paid for it over the next 10 years of hardship, which destroyed her beauty. Pride also prevented her friend from acknowledging initially that the necklace was a fake, which would have prevented Mathildes downfall.

International Trade Operations in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Trade Operations in US - Essay Example According to the study findings international buyers who do not have US dollars as their local currency would have to go through the cumbersome process of having to convert their currencies to US dollars whenever they want to do business with you. The excesses in the procedure may just be one reason that someone may prefer other competitors to you. Again, the differences in exchange rate between the local currencies of international buyers and the US dollars will cause price flatuations. It is very likely that the price of good for each particular day will have to change because of changes in exchange rate. This, according to Gibbons creates currency swing, where by the customer may have to build in a 10-15% "adverse currency swing" factor. Conversely, quoting the US dollars may be very desirable when dealing with buyers who already deal in US dollars. It is common k knowledge that a lot of buyers around the world today are into the use of the US dollars. This is because it ensures u niformity in quantum price of goods and products. Again, quoting in US dollars very advisable for smaller companies with limited human resource as Gibbons, notes that â€Å"you may not have the ability to assume the currency risk, the currency exchange costs and the effort needed to run pricing in local currency.† Regarding quotation of prices in local currencies, once prices are quoted in local currencies and not in US dollars for international buyers, whose local currencies are not the US dollars would not have to create any price hedge to cater for the prices of goods. This is a major advantage for dealing with international buyers. This is because the duty of having to convert prices into US dollars and also having to go through the exchange processes, which sometimes attracts extra cost from banks would all be avoided. In would be observed that because pricing in US dollars creates price fluctuations, local buyers are often forced to hedge for the price of goods so that they will not have to be changing their expenditures so often. The converse demerit with pricing in local currency is that there would have to be a different price of same goods when they move from one country to the other. In this case, it is likely that by the time all sales are completed and the seller converts his earnings back to a common currency, there may be some little price falls because of the differences in US dollar rates in different countries (Colacito and Croce, 2011). Rate parity theory and how it is used to predict future exchange rates According to Forex Karma (2010), â€Å"Interest Rate Parity (IPR) theory is used to analyze the relationship between at the spot rate and a corresponding forward (future) rate of currencies.† The theory operates on a number of principles that makes it possible to predict future exchange rates. First, Picardo (2012) writes that â€Å"the basic premise of interest rate parity is that hedged returns from investing in different currencies should be the same, regardless of the level of their interest rates.† This means that future predictions of exchange rate can be made if returns on rate hedging remain constant. This is because in such as situation, both the exchange rate and interest rate do not have any influence on one another. The second has to do with the quote rates of interest rate and currency rates. This is because

Theories of Prejudice in Studs Terkels C.P. Ellis Essay

Theories of Prejudice in Studs Terkels C.P. Ellis - Essay Example Ellis describes an example of how such causal factors of prejudice are shaped due to personal, historical, and environmental issues. This essay is an attempt to relate the theories expounded by Parrillo to the actual case of C.P. Ellis. Terkel’s narrative, after all effectively describes the different levels of prejudice that C.P. Ellis went through before finally reaching a realization that such prejudice should be done away with. By interpreting Ellis’s experience from the perspective using Parrillo’s theories, it is possible to achieve that prejudice, no matter how long it has been held by an individual, can still be eradicated. In applying Parrillo’s theory on the levels of prejudice, it is clear that Ellis did not develop his racial prejudice only in his adult years. Terkel writes that Ellis’s father was a member already of the Ku Klux Klan. Ellis narrated that that he was taught by his father that the Klan was the â€Å"savior of the white pe ople† and that it was â€Å"the only organization in the world that would take care of the white people.† (Terkel 400) Through his father’s influence, Ellis developed a strong admiration and belief for whatever the Klan stood for, including its hatred for African Americans. It was easy for Ellis to be influenced by his father because, who despite being a drunk at times, made it a point to spend enough fun times for his son. Ellis himself declared his affection and love for his father, including the ideas given to him. The parent’s own outlook is always the first to influence a child, a fact that is even more operative in healthy father-son relationships. The relationship between adult and child, especially when parental, is the most effective condition for a cognitive level of prejudice to develop. Parrillo defines the cognitive level of prejudice as one that â€Å"encompasses a person's beliefs and perceptions of a group as threatening or non-threatening , inferior or equal (e.g., in terms of intellect, status, or biological composition), seclusive or intrusive, impulse gratifying, acquisitive, or possessing other positive or negative characteristics.† (385) The development of the cognitive level is prompted by external factors, however. In Ellis’s case, it is the ideas planted by his father in his younger years. The absence of economic opportunities is another causal factor in the emergence of racial prejudice. The frustration of being poor or impoverished despite working very hard can cause individuals to seek subjects where they can vent their anger. It is clear in his narrative that Ellis put heavy emphasis on his frustration over his economic woes. Just like his father, he worked very hard only to find out that his earnings were still not enough to satisfy the needs of his family. He was angry and depressed and he needed to blame someone or some people over his fate. Ellis admitted that he began to blame African Am ericans. For him, it was the most convenient thing to do since â€Å"hatin’ America is hard to do because you can’t see it to hate it.† (Terkel 400). In analyzing Ellis’s statement, it is obvious that he already had the tendency to consider the American social system itself as the probable cause for his and his family’s despondence. However, without the intellectual tools of social analysis, identifying such system as the culprit is complicated.  

Sun and Stone Fountain Essay Example for Free

Sun and Stone Fountain Essay ‘Another typical day,’ I said to myself when I woke up this morning; but I could never have been so wrong in my entire life! It was a Tuesday morning and the moon was still out. I didn’t think anything of it at the time. I bathed and got ready to get out my house since my bus was due in 10mins. As soon as I got out the moon became the colour of pure red blood. It intrigued me. So I got on the yellow knocked up bus and got out my little ‘Blue Note’ and started surfing the web and finding information and jotting down ideas about ‘The Blood Moon,’ or so it was called according to the web, but there was no information I could attain. I looked out the stained window on my right and I saw a red bright beam of light coming from the graveyard. I found it intriguing, so I got off and went to where my curiosity had led me – the darkest corner of the graveyard. And there it was†¦ â€Å"Is what I see before me actually there or is it a hallucination of what I desire? † I whispered to myself with caution. I got closer and closer to the shimmering light and when I got to the source of the light, there was a stone fountain with a ruby in the center of it, with some hieroglyphics carved on the edges of the circle shaped stone. What do these ancient letters mean? The colour of the ruby was the same colour as the Blood Mo † I said out before I got disturbed by a voice from the shadows. â€Å"Yes laddie well spotted son the colour of the ruby is exactly the same as Blood Moon! † Said a Scottish accent coming from the bushes. â€Å"Who goes there? Why are you lurking behind the bushes? † I questioned the man! As he stepped out the shadows, breaking branches every step he takes, first thing I noticed was the black glistening shoes and the fresh dry cleaned suite. My name is Scott Lander. I’m an archaeologist, I Specialize in Egyptian hieroglyphics. † He said mysteriously. â€Å"Well then Lander since you Specialize in hieroglyphics. Then translate what’s on the stone fountain? † â€Å"When the ruby lusters red as blood, the moon will fall, the sun will rise, and like the story of the phoenix rising from the ashes, when the dawn is near, the world will burn in flames, but it will not seek to rise. He said getting quitter and quitter till there was nothing left to say. We looked at each other and Lander and I knew that there was nothing we could do to stop the havoc that was to fall upon us. He took a bottle of whisky out his blue timeworn bag then brought to glasses out and filled a quarter of the glass. At that point the sun was about to rise the sky was turning bright orange so we sat on the fountain and clinked our glasses as we watched the world end before our eyes.

Global Warming - Mitigation is Not Feasible Essay examples -- Climate C

Global Warming - Mitigation is Not Feasible I am in the adaptation group, and I am trying to help my teammates by providing information on the greenhouse gas emissions due to transportation sector. I will provide facts that mitigation in transportation is a near failure. The whole purpose of my part in the group is to attack the opponent in the area of greenhouse gas emissions. From the EPA, the major cause of rising global temperature, part of the climate change, is due to excessive greenhouse gas emissions. They will contribute to warm up the Earth’s atmosphere by absorbing radiation and altering the chemical composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. 15,000 pounds of those are emitted annually per person in the US, for which 12500 pounds are carbon dioxide. Transportation sector constituted 27% of the US greenhouse gas emissions. Despise decreases in other sectors, greenhouse gas emissions from transportation sector have been rising 1-4% steadily in the last five years. Transportation mode alternation will affect the emissions in the long run since transportation mode is considered a long-term energy consumption pattern. From the US Census 2000, the vehicle occupancy data will help us better understand the details in the transportation modes in the US. The average vehicle occupancy varies from 1.057-1.145 person per car. Carpool programs can only increase the vehicle occupancy up to 2.27 person per car, which is not up to half of the vehicle’s capacity. The veh...

Job Shadowing Project

Job shadowing a great lawyer and family friend, Nancy Vanilla. I have nearly always wanted to be a lawyer, and in all honesty I was a little concerned that after watching a real court hearing, and seeing all the work that lawyers actually have to put into each and every case, I would no longer wish to become a lawyer. However my fears were removed entirely as soon as I walked into her downtown Fort Worth office; the day I had arranged to Job shadow Mrs..Vanilla, she had a court hearing in Denton, so immediately upon my arrival I as exposed to the last minute stress of getting the clients case in order. I was able to help Mrs.. Vanilla with getting her paper work in order, before going to the court house. This was the first time I had ever sat and watched a court hearing, and I was completely fascinated through the entirety of the hearing. I was able to watch two exceptional lawyers in action, and I could not have more impressed by either performance. At the end of my time with Mrs..V anilla I was able to sit with her and ask questions about her profession. During this time Is when I became completely and totally positive that this was the career I wanted to pursue. She was so passionate about what she did, and she explained to me the parts of the Job that most people don't really take Into consideration. I realized that I wanted to learn about and how to interpret the law, and use It to protect people as it was designed to do. I could not be more thankful for the opportunity given to me through this assignment, and through Mrs.. Vanilla's willingness to work with me.

Dakota Office Products Case Essay

1 Dakota current allocates warehousing, distribution and order entry cost equally to each customer. DOP’s pricing system is generally independent of the specific level of service provided for customers. They just chose a single cost drive. However, it’s not believable and proper to use this simple method to analyze costs when costs are more complex. So we need to use activity-based cost system to chose different cost drives and allocate costs based on the activity. 2 We identify four different activities for all costs, order handling cost, ship carton cost or normal commercial shipment cost, desktop delivery cost, and order processing cost. As we noticed, the distribution center team reported 90% of their workers proceed carton in and out of facility. So, the total cost for order handling is $4,160,000, which is the sum of 90% of warehouse personnel expense and warehouse expenses (excluding personnel). This cost only depends on the number of cartons moved in and out of storage. So the total handling cost need to be allocated by the number of cartons processed in year 2000, which is 80,000 cartons. Then we get the overhead rate for handling cost that is $52.00 per carton. We only have the freight cost that is associated with normal shipment. We divide total cost $450,000 by the number of carton shipped only through normal shipment, which is 750,000 cartons. Then, we get the overhead rate for ship carton, which is $6.00 per carton. We also have desktop deliver option for customer. The total cost for 2000 delivers during 2012 is the sum of 10% of warehouse personnel expense and delivery truck expenses, which is $440,000. The overhead rate for desktop deliver is $220 per deliver. As order processing cost, we use weight average method, based on the hour used to divide this cost into three part, manual order limitation, line times manual order and EDI checks. We calculate total cost for manual order limitation $160,000 and it had 16,000 orders. So the overhead rate for manual order limitation is $10 per order. Total cost for line items is $600,000 and it had total 150,000 lines. The overhead rate for line item is $4 per line item. Total cost for EDI checks is 400,000 and it had 8,000 checks. The overhead rate for EDI check is $ 50 per order. 3 According to the Exhibit 3, we find the number of each activity provided to customers A and B during year 2000. We use these number multiplies each overhead rate to get overhead costs for each activity. For customer A, we have gross margin $18,000 and other costs including, order handing cost $10,400, ship carton cost $1,200, manual order cost $60, line items $240, and EDI orders cost $300. Customer A also has interest expense based on his average accounts receivable within 30 days, which is $9,000 and annual interest rate is 10%. Therefore, the interest expense for customer A is $75. We use gross margin $18,000 subtracts total other cost including interest expense $12,275 to get profit for customer A, which is $5,725. We use the same method to get gross margin for customer B is $19,000 and total other cost including interest expense is $19,020. So customer B loses $20. 4 Customer A use normal shipment and most of orders are EDI orders. These two could save more spend and is more profitable for the company. However, customer B have 25 desktop deliveries. This cost is about 6.47% of cost of items purchased. Also, customer B uses traditional manual order and manual line items order that cost more. Additionally, interest expense for customer B is also very higher because of his payments always after 90 days with a higher payment amount. Total other cost for customer B is 1.55 times of customer A. Therefore, customer A is more profitable and customer B loses $20. 5 and 6 The only limitation for customer A is manual order and line items. We suggest customer A use EDI orders instead of these two. It could save cost and make more profit. For customer B, the cost for desktop deliveries is very high and customer B use traditional manual order entry without EDI. It costs a lot for customer B. We recommend customer B decrease the desktop deliveries or increase the price for desktop deliveries to cover the cost. We also suggest customer B switch traditional manual order entry and line items to EDI orders. This technology would help save cost and be more profitable for custer A and B. 7 Under activity-based costing, we allocate all costs into different  activity. So, we could easily see the cost for each activity related to our cost of items purchased. We can figure out which activity is more costing and take control this cost to increase our profit. 8 If a major customer switches from placing all its orders manually to placing all its orders over the internet site, we will spend more workers’ hour on EDI checks. We use weight-average method to allocate order entry expenses into three activities, manual order, line items, and EDI checks. So, the expenses for manual order and line items could be decrease and expenses for EDI checks increases. We need to recalculate the overhead rate for both three activities. Additionally, the cost for EDI checks is more cheaper than the other two. So, if a major customer places all order over internet site, it would save cost and make more profit for company.

Free Essays on Cisco Systems

Overall impression of Cisco’s business model – strengths/weaknesses: I found that Cisco has changed its business model several times to reflect changing market needs and economies. In 1993, Cisco had to realize that the growth of the Internet was creating a demand for technology other than their routers. They set about adopting a strategy to become either the number 1 or number 2 player in each market. They planned to have their company own, develop and market an array of network products and standards as the market demanded them. One of their objectives was to provide a complete solution for businesses. They knew the only way to do that was through acquiring other companies with the needed technologies. In 1997, the business model had to change again when John Chambers realized that the future of the Internet was over IP networks. They moved their strategy to all areas of telecommunications from the end-user to the network backbone, focusing on Digital Subscribe r Lines, multi-service products, and Fiber-Optic equipment. Is their acquisition/integration strategy a sound strategy (what are the benefits, what are the potential pitfalls with this approach? The acquisition strategy does seem to work for Cisco. It enables Cisco to own, develop and market an array of network products and standards, as the market demands them. The process includes investigating buying start-up companies if they decide that it is too far behind its competitors to take the time to build the product from scratch. They knew they couldn’t possibly develop all the products on their own. They target companies for potential acquisitions that usually have complimentary technologies to Cisco. If they are unsure about the success of a potential acquisition, they acquire a small share of the company and wait for market forces to determine the outcome. Cisco will then acquire the company if it proves to be successful. Cisco has developed a four-s... Free Essays on Cisco Systems Free Essays on Cisco Systems Overall impression of Cisco’s business model – strengths/weaknesses: I found that Cisco has changed its business model several times to reflect changing market needs and economies. In 1993, Cisco had to realize that the growth of the Internet was creating a demand for technology other than their routers. They set about adopting a strategy to become either the number 1 or number 2 player in each market. They planned to have their company own, develop and market an array of network products and standards as the market demanded them. One of their objectives was to provide a complete solution for businesses. They knew the only way to do that was through acquiring other companies with the needed technologies. In 1997, the business model had to change again when John Chambers realized that the future of the Internet was over IP networks. They moved their strategy to all areas of telecommunications from the end-user to the network backbone, focusing on Digital Subscribe r Lines, multi-service products, and Fiber-Optic equipment. Is their acquisition/integration strategy a sound strategy (what are the benefits, what are the potential pitfalls with this approach? The acquisition strategy does seem to work for Cisco. It enables Cisco to own, develop and market an array of network products and standards, as the market demands them. The process includes investigating buying start-up companies if they decide that it is too far behind its competitors to take the time to build the product from scratch. They knew they couldn’t possibly develop all the products on their own. They target companies for potential acquisitions that usually have complimentary technologies to Cisco. If they are unsure about the success of a potential acquisition, they acquire a small share of the company and wait for market forces to determine the outcome. Cisco will then acquire the company if it proves to be successful. Cisco has developed a four-s...

Check Out Our Tests and Quizzes

Check Out Our Tests and Quizzes Check Out Our Tests and Quizzes Check Out Our Tests and Quizzes By Daniel Scocco We already published a bunch of multiple choice tests and quizzes in the past. Some were published years ago, though, so we decided to compile a list with all of them. Make sure you havent missed any. Well be adding new ones in the near future, so stay tuned. Multiple Choice Tests Vocabulary Test 1 Spelling Test 1 Grammar Test 1 Vocabulary Test 2 Quizzes Quiz About Emphasis Quiz About the Comma Quiz About Parallel Construction Not only but also Quiz Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsWhat is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Grammatical Case in English

Cognitive Psychology and knowledge representation & organization, Essay

Cognitive Psychology and knowledge representation & organization, language, problem solving, and creativity - Essay Example derstanding of the concept of cognitive psychology as a principle is anchored on methods that consist of its anchorage on matters that appear contentious. Nevertheless scholars have preferred to distinguish varieties of psychology so that the final body consists of two characteristics. One analysis is the way individuals act and demonstrate self control, together with the consequence of assuming distal forms like biological variations into some special consideration. These assumptions are considered on the assumption that knowledge comes from generative mechanisms; so that the consequence of these mechanisms for the consideration is considered in a variety of different situations. Furthermore, interventions and directions will be considered in this situation in connection to subjectively constructed phenomenological experiences. The three mentioned characteristics are the fundamental core features of cognitive reasoning. Conventional representation of cognitive psychological perspectives in matters of knowledge construction refers to mental systems of consideration of these features. These methods of of thinking is legitimate since in one way there are numerous authors who refuse to refer to themselves as psychological cognitive psychological thinkers. However, there exist considerable contrasts between different cognitive methods, for example between radical cognitive empiricists and social cognitive empirics. Thorough going cognitive psychologists which views realism in science as some kind of inadequate phenomena and then assumes an informational kindred to cognitive systems (Heppner & Kivlighan 2008) plays a very important role in cognitive psychology, even though it is naturalized as the prototype of all forms of perspectives. Radical cognitive thinkers like Maturana and Varela always questioned the possibility of total objectivity and hard truth for the reasons that only information which is dependable and serves to boost the system is processed. Truth

The birth & growth of anti-westernism sentiments in the Middle East Essay

The birth & growth of anti-westernism sentiments in the Middle East - Essay Example In terms of personal interaction at the university, both my supervisors have been outstanding in that they have reached out to help me in regards; by providing me bibliographical support as also their advice on the topic that I should take up as part of my research. I am indeed grateful to them for having stood by me after having understood the unexpected personal circumstances that I have had to go through. But as is well known; one needs to do a lot of groundwork in order to produce a clear road plan for taking up research activity, by attending seminars and conferences, and this is where I have been outraced. Due to my personal problems, I was unable to attend any of these that were held at the university, even though I very much wanted to go. Another major obstacle has been that I have not been able to move to Paris either, which was the prime reason to shift to a part-time status after having discussed the issue with my supervisors. This report aims to describe what I have been doing ever since then and also aims to outline my proposed plan for doing research. Due to the above-mentioned problems, I subsequently started to attend many seminars at the School of Oriental & African Studies (SOAS). The following list describes the various seminars that I have attended so far at SOAS: During this period, I did not attend any research training courses as I had prior experience of having attended them during my MA studies. However, I am planning to attend some after March. As the above-mentioned list suggests, all the seminars primarily focus on the growing anti-western sentiments in the middle-eastern region. These seminars along with the recent incidents revolving around the middle -east (the 9/11 terror attacks-Osama Bin Laden along with America's intervention in Iraq & Afghanistan to be specific), have driven me to think that i must indeed search for the consequences as also the reasons for the occurrence of these events. I am now more than ever interested in finding the reason for the anti-western sentiments that have been the root cause of all terror attacks in the western hemisphere. I therefore, decided that I would conduct a study on the birth & growth of anti-westernism sentiments in the Middle East.According to Shireen T. Hunter (1998), the anti-western feeling was born from the Zionist wars between Israel & Egypt and the subsequent overthrow of the shah of Iran, which led to the birth of bitter relations between Ayatollah Khomenei's Iran & America in particular. Clashes between the west and the lesser prominent countries Islamic countries of the west like Syria & Lebanon have just added more fuel to the already raging fire of anti-western feelings. More recently, I feel that the interference of the west (The

The ethical dilemma of the physicians orders for the care of a child Essay

The ethical dilemma of the physicians orders for the care of a child vs the parents disapproval - Essay Example This paper discusses an ethical dilemma involving physicians’ order for childcare and parents disapproval citing the moral issues involved. The paper discusses two bioethical principles and relates them to the aforementioned case. The document closes with a discussion on a value of personal morality and relates it to the morality of the larger group and society. An unnamed woman in Canada gave birth to six babies and physicians warned of their ill health and recommended blood transfusion for them. Two of them died before physicians in the hospitals where they had been born convinced their parents of how urgently the babies needed blood transfusion. The parents refused physicians to carry out the intervention and went to court seeking to stop officials forcing their way with the said intervention. The court then ordered some social workers who had taken custody of some babies seeking to secure treatment for them to return them to their parents (Birchley, 2010). The ethical dilemma in the case involved the decision on whether to assume physician’s moral obligation to ensure health of patients, in this case the infants, or whether to respect moral requirement of parents’ autonomy regarding actions on their children’s lives. Legal aspects of human rights to autonomy further complicated the case as the law supported the parents’ opinion that was based on their religious beliefs. The parents refused their babies to receive blood transfusion because their faith was against it. They were followers of Jehovah’s Witness and they remained adamant that they would have allowed any other treatment intervention as long as it did not involve blood. Jehovah’s Witness believers have strongly rejected any medical treatment including surgery that involves blood loss or reception. These believers have been proposing to have machines that can help recycle patient’s own blood to eliminate the need for a blood tra nsfusion. The Canadian

Attribution Theorists And Biased Judgements

Attribution Theorists And Biased Judgements Social psychologists have studied attribution theories for several decades, and their research has produced many interesting insights. The process of assigning a cause to ones own behaviour, or that of others can be defined as attribution (Hogg, 2005). Considering that attribution is complex, many theories have been constructed to demonstrate its performance. This essay will examine the evidence that biased laypersons judgements of others are inevitable by, first of all, focusing on explaining three classic theories of attribution, then paying particular attention to biases in attribution in order to fully answer the question under investigation. Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals make sense of their environment and how this affects their cognition and behavior (x). There exist three classic views on attribution that continue to be especially influential. The first of these classic theories is Fritz Heiders (1958) theory of naive psychology where the layperson is viewed as a naive scientist who links observable behaviour to unobservable causes. Also Heider made a significant distinction between internal (dispositional) and external (situational) attributions. It was also underlined that individuals look for causes of others behaviours in order to find out their motives and give some sense of control in their lives (Hewstone, 1990). Related to Heiders theory is Jones and Davis (1965) theory of correspondent inference which is concerned with how people use information about others behaviour and its effects in order to find out their underlying dispositions and personality traits. Of particular interest is beha viour that is freely chosen, produces non-common effects (effects produced by a particular cause that could not be produced by any other apparent cause), and is low in social desirability. The last and the best known theory of attribution is Kelleys (1967) covariation model where Kelley believes that people act like scientists when they try to discover the causes of behaviour. People are interested whether others behaviour stems from internal (motives, traits) or external (social, physical world) causes, or both of them at the same time. In order to answer this question, individuals focus on three types of information that can be defined as consistence, distinctiveness and consensus (Baron, Branscombe, Byrne, 2006). Heider (1958), Davis and Jones (1965) together with Kelley (1967) have acknowledged that attribution is subject to many potential sources of bias. It has been noted that a bias occurs if the social perceiver systematically distorts (overestimates or underestimates) a procedure that is known to be correct (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). People constantly use cognitive shortcuts that are called heuristics in order to make attributions. Apart from being not always objectively correct, biases in attribution are entirely satisfactory and adaptive characteristics of everyday social perception (Ross, 1977). In terms of studying how people interpret their social worlds, social psychologists have identified 3 general biases that often affect peoples attributions and explanations. One of the most important of these biases is the fundamental attribution error, that is the tendency to explain others actions as stemming from dispositional causes even when situational causes are at present. Social psychologists have conducted numerous studies to find out the reasons that determine the occurrence of these biases (Robins et al, 1996), though the issue is still to some extent uncertain. One possibility is that when people observe another persons behaviour, they tend to focus on his or her actions and the situational behaviour tends to fade away in the background. Another explanation is that people notice such situational causes but give them insufficient weight in their attributions. An experiment conducted by Amabile, Ross and Steinmetz (2000) illustrates fundamental attribution error. In this experiment they set up a quiz show design in which they randomly assigned participants to one of two roles. First was a questioner whose task it was to prepare difficult questions for a contestant, and second was a contestant whose task it was to answer the questions prepared by the questioner. An observer watched the quiz show and then estimated the questioners and the contestants general knowledge. They found that observers thought that the questioners were far more knowledgeable than the contestants. However, everyone was assigned to conditions randomly, so it was highly unlikely that one group was more clever than the other. The most interesting thing is that observers did know that participants were randomly assigned to their roles, yet they failed to consider the impact of that knowledge in making their judgement. Fundamental attribution error is not limited only to quiz shows, its implications are far more encompassing. For example, peoples common reaction to convicted criminals are that they are terrible human beings and that is why they committed a crime. However, there can be many factors other than personal characteristics that explain why a person commits a crime. These include lack of job opportunities, the lack of positive role models in the family and neighborhood, growing up in a dysfunctional family and many others (Aronson, 2003). In addition to this, Nisbett and Ross (1980) argued that the english language allows easy description of action and actor in the same terms but it gets more complicated when using the same terms in order to describe the situation. For example, it is possible to talk about honest and generous person or honest and generous action but not a honest and generous situation. This demonstrates that linguistic factors have an important role in making attributions. People are certainly unaware of this phenomena beca use this is the way they have been taught from childhood and is something that happens without conscious thought. An equally common bias in social judgement is the actor-observer effect, in other words, the self-other effect that is really an extension of the fundamental attribution error. The actor-observer effect refers to the tendency for people to attribute others behaviour to dispositional factors and their own behaviour to situational factors (Jones Nisbett, 1972). For example, in general, students tend to explain their poor performance in exams in terms of the difficulty of the test items whereas they tend to explain others poor performance in terms of their ability and personality. There exist several explanations for actor-observer effect. Firstly, according to Jones et al (1972), the informational factors are very important as the actors have access to a much wider range of information about the factors leading to their own actions. For example, behaviour that can be expressed in a party. Secondly, actors and observers have different perspectives. The actors attention is usually focus ed on the environment. On the other hand, the observers attention is usually focused on the actor and his or her behaviour rather than the background, which is why the observer may be unaware of why the actor behaved like this. Evidence for this explanation comes from Storms (1972) experiment where he had two subjects engaged in a conversation while two observers watched it, and were instructed to monitor the behaviours of one or the other actors. Results showed that the actors were more likely to explain their behaviour in terms of the situation and the observers in terms of personality dispositions. However, this was not the only thing they found. Storm (1972) also demonstrated that when the participants were shown a video tape of their conversation from the same angle as they saw it, actor-observer bias had occurred. On the contrary, when the video tape was shown from the reverse angle, the actors saw themselves from the observers point of view and tended to attribute their behav iour in terms of dispositional factors. This is a clear example of how biases are inevitable in everyday life. In order to avoid biases, one has to see others point of view but that is not an easy task to accomplish. One more bias can be identified in relation to attributions for success and failure. The self-serving bias refers to a tendency for people to attribute internally and take credit for their successes, the self-enhancing bias, or attribute externally and deny the responsibility for their failures, the self-protecting bias. For instance, gamblers perceive their successes as based on their skill and their failures as unlucky chances (Gilovich, 1983). Kingdom (1967) provided an example of self-serving bias from the political world. He interviewed American politicians five months after the general election and asked them to describe the factors that led to their victories or defeats. Results indicated that the politicians tended to attribute successes to internal factors such as hard work, personality and reputation. On the other hand, they tended to attribute their failures to external factors, for example, lack of money, the familiar name of their opponent and state trends. It is importa nt to understand the reasons why people engage in biases. Miller and Ross (1979) suggested that the self-enhancing bias could be explained in relation to the cognition model. People in general expect to succeed rather than fail and, therefore, are more likely to make self-attributions for expected than unexpected outcomes. For example, couples estimate their contribution to housework differently. Individuals are more likely to keep track of every job they do at home such as dusting or washing the dishes but when it comes to estimating the partners contribution, not all of their work is successfully remembered. This effect could be due to differential attention and memory (Aronson, 2003). However, the cognitive perspective alone cannot explain all the examples of self-serving biases. Another explanation for self-serving biases is that people are motivated to engage themselves in attributions in order to protect their self-esteem (Greenberg, 1982). It is evident from the experiments o f Weary (1999) that self-serving bias increases when the person is highly involved in that particular behaviour and when other people are watching. Self-serving bias occurs when an individuals self is threatened or when that individual has an opportunity to achieve and maintain a positive image of the self. To conclude, people do make judgements very quickly based on minimal information. As it has been demonstrated above, the reasons humans make biases seem varied and complex and different research reflects this (Storm, 1972; Ross et al, 1979; Kingdom, 1967; Amabile et al, 2000; Jones et al, 1972). Every day people try to justify themselves and their behaviour with the help of biases such as fundamental attribution error, actor-observer effect and self-serving bias. By using heuristics, individuals interpret and distort the meaning of their actions and the world around them, and make attributions that are very adaptive but not always correct. The situations people find themselves in, the cues they face and frustrations they may experience, also all appear to have the ability to inflame an aggressive response. Attribution is an important part of human existence and, although much has been achieved to aid the understanding of this behaviour, it is for now still reasonable to conclude that attribution is indeed an inevitable and inescapable part of our lives.

Dance brazil :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dance Brazil Dance Brazil performs with flexibility and power, which is evident throughout its entirety. Whether the company is lying on the floor or leaping through the air, they command their space. However, throughout the production they also incorporate one important factor, their culture. In the introduction of the show, the dancers demonstrate their religious ways by presenting the sign of the cross to the people. Throughout the scene, the costumes that were being worn were all directly related to the colors of various gods. Throughout one scene, the dancers become possessed, one man loses control of his emotions, and lands into another man’s arms. One could possible interpret that this man is landing into the arms of god. The following scene featured a woman dressed in blue. I appreciated the way their movements resembled water that recedes after the tide; movements that matched the full and vibrant sound of the band. I also valued the bleak positioning, woman facing forward, man facing away, with their backs against each other. The man repeatedly placed his hand on the woman, only to have her definitively push him away. This control at the beginning contrasted with a kind of compliance at the end, as the woman was carried off on the back of the man. The music pulled their bodies. They were elegant yet powerful at the same time. They had a superior blend of a partnership ,they danced like a partnership without it being a partnership dance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Overall, I took pleasure in the production â€Å"Dance Brazil†. My first thoughts were negative, I did not expect this dance to be as exciting and interesting as it truly was.

All Adoption Records Should be Open to Adopted People over Eighteen Years Old

The issues of having adoption documents open for access by the adopted people who are over eighteen years has caused a lot of heated debate in America. There has been a revolution in the adoption scene as some of the states have legalized the opening of previously sealed adoption documents.There are raging debates due to the controversy which is brought by opening and sealing the adoption records. The right of the birth parent to privacy is weighed against the fundamental right of the adopted adult to know and the right to equality. This paper seeks to bring out the reasons as to why these previously sealed documents should be open for adopted adults.There are more than six million adoptees in the United States of America. Currently, only six states in America offer the open inspection of adoption records. These are Tennessee, Hawaii, Delaware, Alabama, Kansas and Alaska (Mabry & Kelly, 357).In most of the other states, the original birth certificate and the adoption documents are no t accessible to anyone without a court order. Alabama allows the opening of these documents only after consent while Oregon and Tennessee also require consent from the court. In Tennessee, the adult adoptee is forbidden for establishing contact.Some states recommend the use of specific search and consent protocols which require the agency to locate either member of the adoption triad enquire whether they would allow their identity to be revealed to the other member (Mabry & Kelly, 359).The adoption triad refers to the adopted adult, the adopted parents and the birth parents.   Opening adoption documents or records refers to making a variety of previously confidential and sealed information available to a member of the adoption triad.These adoption records can be either the original unammended birth certificate, the court records from the adoption and other confidential information including the adoption agencys’ documents which may reveal the identity of any of the members of the triad (Mabry & Kelly, 369).After an adoptive placement is finalized, the original documents and documents proceeding from these cases are closed.Most adopted adults are in favor of the opening of the adoption documents primarily to ease their search for their birth parents or eliminate the need for a search. They argue that keeping these documents sealed from adopted adults, impairs with their emotional status and denies them of their right to know the identity of their parents like every other person.Adoption documents were initially sealed in order to protect any members of the adoption triad from the prevailing attitudes of the time. There was a lot of social stigma arising from illegitimacy and infertility. People were also stigmatized based on their wealth or other features in their families.The courts felt that the exposure of the triad especially the child to these attitudes would hinder their potential. Sealing adoption documents allowed the adopted child to grow up w ithout these additional pressures from the society (Mabry & Kelly, 436).The main reason as to why the adoption documents were sealed was to protect the adoption triad from social stigma associated with illegitimacy and infertility.The changing times have eliminated this stigma as millions of people nowadays choose not to get married, to become single parents or even get married and choose not to have any children. Any stigma associated with either of these has been eroded over time.The opening of adoption records only for adopted adults over the age of eighteen years ensures that they are already emotionally and mentally developed and the chances of their birth parents affecting their development is minimized.Adoption documents allow the adopted adult to find out of any genetic conditions which they may have inherited from their birth parents. The knowledge of any genetic predisposition to life threatening medical conditions allows the adopted adult to seek help early.This also allo ws early detection of any medical conditions and could potentially save lives (Siegel, 17). In cases where the adopted adults also intend on having their own children, it is necessary for them to know of any possibilities of passing on genetic conditions to their children and make informed decisions based on these facts.Adopted adults may also require organ transplants. The most successful organ transplants are from genetically identical individuals since there are less chances of rejection. For the adopted adult, this implies that they have to contact their birth parents and any other siblings they may have for potential donors.The adult who is adopted at childhood has the fundamental right to know the identity of his parents (Mabry & Kelly, 508). These unanswered questions bring a lifetime of confusion and loss of identity.The contract between both sets of parents is entered on behalf of the adopted child. Once the child reaches eighteen years, they are legally capable of making m ost legal decisions and they should be treated as adults who have the right to decide whether they require information regarding the birth parents.In cases where they choose to have access, the information should be availed readily (Siegel, 17). The United States of America is founded on the tenet of equality for all its citizens. Opening adoption documents ensures that adopted people are given equal right to know their parents, similar to their non adopted counterparts (Blanton & Deschner, 534).The adopted individuals should be given the same right as everyone else.   This in turn brings peace of mind and the adopted adults can move on with their lives.There are many people who feel that the opening of these previously closed documents should be prohibited and adult adoptees should not be given information regarding their birth parents. Those who oppose the opening of these documents insist that the birth parents may not want contact from the children (DuPrau, 28).The supporters of opening adoption records insist that the opening of these documents does not necessarily imply intent of contact. In many cases the adult adoptee is simply curious or is intent on identifying any genetic medical conditions of the birth parents (Blanton & Deschner, 530 .The issue of people preferring abortion to adoption due to the ramifications of the children later looking for them has also been debated. The supporters of open documents maintain that the two issues are unrelated and the rates of abortion have not increased in states that have allowed open adoption documents (Cocozzell, 36).There is no need for the birth parent to feel insecure because most states specify no contact unless it is permitted. The birth parents have no biding parental responsibilities on the adopted adult and the only thing they seek is information on their identity and possible their medical condition. In some instances birth parents who gave up their children for adoption are also interested in mak ing contact and are relieved when the adopted adults contact them (Cocozzell, 36).There are also arguments that insist that the identification of birth parents is a threat to the relationship of the adopted individual with their adoptive parents. While it may be true for an adopted child, for an adult adoptee, the identification of the birth parents is not a threat to their relationship with the adoptive parents (DuPrau, 18).In conclusion, all adoption documents should be open to all adopted people over the age of eighteen years. This allows equality to all people and gives the adopted adults peace of mind regarding any questions they may have concerning their identity as well as any potential genetic conditions which, they may have inherited from their birth parents.REFERENCESBlanton L. & Deschner Jeanne, â€Å"Biological Mothers' Grief: The Post adoptive Experience in Open vs. Confidential Adoption,† Child Welfare 59 (1990): 525-535.Cocozzelli Carmello, â€Å"Predicting th e Decision of Biological Mothers to Retain or Relinquish Their Babies for Adoption: Implications for Open Placement,† Child Welfare 68 (1999): 33-44.DuPrau Jeanne. Adoption: the facts, feelings, and issues of a double heritage. Michigan: University of Michigan, 2007. 16-99.

Addressing the Community Leadership Challenges Faced by Women Leaders of Sitio Galilee, Antipolo Essay

This 2012 study explores the community leadership of women in the locale of Sitio Galilee in Antipolo City. Even though the standards of leadership persist to be male-oriented, more women are taking up leadership positions in our society. The prevalent aim of this study is to identify the challenges that these women leaders face toward development in their community; more importantly, how these can be addressed. The study mainly sought to (1) identify and understand the leadership challenges that women leaders face in initiating development in their community, and (2) facilitate or assist possible action programs that will address these challenges. To resolve this issue, the processes of the Participatory Action Research (PAR) were followed, namely: (1) diagnosing the status of women’s involvement and leadership in the community, (2) planning of action programs that will address the identified leadership challenges, (3) its implementation and monitoring, and (4) the evaluation. The accounts of women leaders and the perceptions of the members were collected through one-on-one interviews. In addition, focus group discussions were conducted to encourage people’s participation. Guided by the Social Role Theory, the role of the women as community leaders is further analyzed. This study is a contributory factor to theoreticians and community development practitioners in analyzing the unaddressed issues of community leadership. See more: My Writing Process Essay Keywords: Women and leadership, community leadership, community development, Participatory Action Research Background of the Study Traditionally, community affairs and administration have been the sphere of influence of men. Hassan (2008) explains that â€Å"this is evident from the imbalance of leaders and office bearers across community, local councils and associations.† Silong (2008) also pointed out that â€Å"women have not been active in local politics and are relatively inactive in public processes due to institutional, socio-economic and cultural constraints.† In the history of the Philippines, women portrayed essential roles, not only in the facet of taking care of the family but also in the development of the life of the tribe during the pre-colonial times (Shah, 2007). With the beginning of colonization, it brought about a patriarchal society wherein women were made inferior to men and are not licensed to certain rights (Clamonte, 2007). However, times are changing. There is now acceptance that women can do and play a significant role in community affairs, particularly in contributing to the achievement of community development and progress. Nowadays, stories of women occupying leadership positions are becoming ordinary. Although regarded by Zaharah and Silong (2008) as â€Å"the unsung heroes of community action†, women’s role in community leadership has become increasingly important. In certain communities, they already learned the knowledge and skill that have produced positive transformation to their community (Bond, Holmes, Byrne, Babchuck, & Kirton-Robbins, 2008). More importantly, they have established themselves as community leaders. However, many are not aware of the challenges that these women leaders face. In view of this, the researcher learned, through the ocular visit that all the community leaders of Sitio Galilee, Antipolo are women. Their husbands work in the city and only come home for the weekend. Hence, their weekdays are spent at caring for the family, doing household chores, daily chatting in the neighborhood and playing card games. Above all this, they also manage to plan and work concerning community affairs. The researcher sought to further investigate on the women’s leadership in the community, specifically on the challenges they encounter. Research Objectives The women leaders in the community of Sitio Galilee, Antipolo face several leadership challenges that need to be addressed. How can the community of Sitio Galilee, Antipolo address these? Specifically, this study sought to: 1. Diagnose the status of women’s involvement and leadership in the community; 2. Identify the leadership challenges faced by women leaders towards community development; 3. Initiate the planning of action programs that will address the identified leadership challenges; 4. Implement the action program and facilitate its monitoring; and 5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the action programs. Significance of the Study This study serves its significance for two aspects: theoretical and practical. Firstly, this study is guided by the Social Role theory. This theory emphasizes on the processes of role-taking and role-making as part of an individual’s life. Accompanied by these processes is the role conflict which may develop as one struggle different simultaneous roles. This study improves the clarity and applicability of the theory as it is used by a researcher. This study is a contributory factor to the residents of Sitio Galilee, Antipolo in broadening their understanding of the leadership barriers that their women leaders are encountering. This Participatory Action Research assists them in the process of maximum participation of the community, through initiating action programs, in addressing the identified challenges. Hence, this study promotes and encourages community development in the locale. This study is affiliated with the University of Santo Tomas and its Simbahayan Office. This is a useful document in analyzing and addressing the issues of community leadership within their partner communities. Scope and Delimitation The scope of this research is the women leaders in Sitio Galilee, Antipolo. This study focused on the role of women in leadership and community development, the identification of the experienced leadership barriers towards development in their community, and most significantly the process wherein these challenges were addressed. This study did not cover other factors, other than leadership per se, that impede the process of development and progress in the community of Sitio Galilee. A constructivist worldview was applied. This implies that the researcher seeks to establish the meaning of a phenomenon from the views of the participants. In this endeavor, the journeys of women leaders were described and determined by the participants. Furthermore, the action programs implemented came from the propositions of the participants. The researcher only served as facilitator and participant observer of the said approach. Theoretical Framework Individuals have several roles that they play across time and place within the period of life. According to Burr (1972), â€Å"throughout life, individuals transfer into and out of different roles, keeping some, leaving others behind, and beginning new roles.† This study is guided by the Social Role Theory. This is not just a single theory; rather this was established through interrelating and interconnecting perspectives. One of the pioneers of this theory is George Herbert Mead’s â€Å"role-taking†. It explains that the ability to put oneself in another’s place is an essential development of the ‘self’ (Ritzer, 2000). According to this theory, â€Å"social role is a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms and behavior a person has to face and to fulfill.† Linton (1936) explained that, as cited in the study of Harrison and Lynch (2005), â€Å"the role represents the sum total of all various roles of an individual, and determines what one does for the society and one may expect from it.† In this sense, â€Å"roles do not remain static, but change and evolve over time†, as stated by Turner (1990). There is the concept of â€Å"role-taking† where an individual acquires or takes on the role of other individuals; and â€Å"role-making† wherein one is able to create and recreate these roles (Turner, 1990). In undergoing these processes, one may experience â€Å"role overload† and â€Å"role conflict†. Turner (1990) defines role overload as, â€Å"the experience of lacking the resources, including time and energy, needed to meet the demands of all roles.† On the other hand, role conflict is defined by Turner (1990) as, â€Å"an incongruity between the expectations of one role and those of another.† However, there is the so called â€Å"role balance†. Role balance is a state wherein an individual is able to perform his or her roles well and meet its expectations (Marks & MacDermid, 1996). To show how the social role theory is applied in this study of the leadership challenges of women leaders, the researcher conceptualized a paradigm that illustrate how the multiple roles (with its linked rights, duties and expectations to it) of a woman contribute to the challenges they face. Literature Review Gender role encapsulates the characteristics and behaviors that are distinguished as either masculine or feminine (Bem, 1974; Clamonte, 2007). Carli and Eagly (2001) have enumerated: The set of traits and behaviors labeled as masculine includes the following: is self-reliant, independent, and assertive, has leadership abilities, is willing to take risks, makes decisions easily, is dominant, is willing to take a stand, acts like a leader, and is athletic, ambitious, and self-sufficient. The set of traits and behaviors labeled as feminine include these: is affectionate, compassionate, and cheerful, does not use harsh language, is loyal, sensitive to the needs of others, sympathetic, gentle, and understanding, loves children, and is tender and warm. Tannen (1990) pointed out that, â€Å"the traditional gender role is a social orientation that emphasizes closeness and solidarity, whereas the traditional masculine gender role is a social orientation that emphasized power and status.† In sociology, gender roles are considered ‘artifactual’ or socially constructed ideals in the society. Eagly (2002) has characterized this as a â€Å"male-advantaged gender hierarchy.† The roles associated to men benefited them more than the women’s. They gained more access to resources, authority in decision makings and more slots in the administration (Kolb, 1999). In the Philippines, women enjoyed distinguished equality in the society during the pre-colonial times (Santos-Maranan, Parreno, & Fabros, 2006). Shah (2007) explicated that, â€Å"Filipinos have tracked kinship bilaterally.† Some of the rights they experienced are: (1) they were entitled to the properties of their family, (2) instigate divorce of their husbands, (3) engage in trading and a lot more privileges (Clamonte, 2007). However, the coming of the Spaniards that brought about the indoctrination of Catholicism has downgraded the role of Filipino women (Shah, 2007). The spirit of the native Filipina was changed. Shah (2007) expounded that, â€Å"the image of the Filipino women became tied to the house whose only duty was to take care of the husband and the children.† Alesina, Nunn and Giuliano (2011) also added, â€Å"It also became a father’s good girl, a husband’s subject, and a long-suffering woman with sealed lips and silent sobs and has not right to participate political undertakings.† In the rural area, the Filipino woman belongs in the home. Flavier (2007) described in his book, Doctor to the Barrios, that â€Å"rural women in the Philippines wield considerable authority, the housewife in particular.† According to him, the housewife is often called as the â€Å"Reyna ng Tahanan†. A recent writing by Vartii (2011) revealed that, â€Å"there is a re-emergence of the empowerment of Filipino women though the political process.† In the present times, women in the Philippines are reviving the strengths they lost. Women now are seen working outside the home and occupying the prominent positions in their own field. Many even manage to become leaders. Fabros (2005) affirmed, â€Å"No matter what kinds of issues they (women) are involved in at present, one thing is clear – they are the very testimony of a better Philippines.† The second-wave feminism and radical feminism have remedied the traditional issues on gender (Cornell, 1998 in Pflanz, 2011). Even though there was a significant development of the status of women in the 20th century, there’s still much to be done to fully change the social beliefs regarding this matter. Carly and Eagly (2001) argues that, â€Å"women continue to lack access to power and leadership compared with men.† There is this phenomenon called â€Å"glass ceiling†. Coleman (2003) defines this as â€Å"a barrier that is impenetrable to women.† Pflanz (2011) mentioned in his study that, â€Å"Studies involving women in leadership roles indicate the majority of women believe their biggest obstacle to advancement is a mindset favoring candidates that fit in a male-dominated environment.† Even though the standards of leadership persist to be male-oriented, more women are taking up leadership positions in our society (Pflanz, 2011). Pflanz (2011) further explained that, â€Å"many women assume leadership positions in order to have an influence within their communities.† The Department of Communities of the Queensland Government (2006) stated that, â€Å"Community leadership is leadership in, for and by the community.† Ferrer (2010) affirms, â€Å"it reflects the concept of people and groups working together to achieve common vision and goals.† Community leadership is not profit-oriented and therefore involves non-paid leaders (Baconguis, 2010). In the study of Garina (1957), he revealed that, â€Å"non-paid local leaders are vital in community action; cooperation with them by outside agencies is imperative in the process of community development.† Women’s participation in the communities and national scene was not only through public leadership. In many cases, women form the backbone of formations as members or volunteers, particularly at the community level. There are numerous examples of this point: barangay health workers, churchwomen, community mobilizers, members of people’s organizations and civic organizations – over and above their traditional roles as domestic managers/housekeepers, caregivers, and even as they engage in productive labor outside the domestic sphere (Bond, Holmes, Byrne, Babchuck, & Kirton-Robbins, 2008). The report on the Forum on Women NGO Managers in 1987 entitled, â€Å"Women NGO Managers: Issues and Dilemmas† revealed that women NGO managers play multiple roles and have triple responsibility of caring for the home and children, earning a living/working outside the home and contributing to the national development. It showed that these women experience a major dilemma on how to balance and integrate the concerns of family life and the demands of work/career commitment. These pressures on family-work commitments are further magnified by leadership roles that women play in their organization (PHILDHRRA, 1987).